Translational Immunology Core

The human retina and underlying choroid have multiple well-organized vascular layers. However, retinal and choroidal neovascularization can develop in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy or neovascular age-related macular degeneration, which can result in destructive vision loss. Ocular macrophages are implicated in the pathogenesis of such neovascular diseases. To identify a potential pro-angiogenic macrophage subtype, we integrated 13 single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from human and mouse...

CONCLUSIONS: Observed prevalence-incidence widening gap suggests case accumulation over time and survival among continuously enrolled beneficiaries. Exacerbation burden was concentrated among individuals with prior exacerbations, chronic airway infection, and respiratory comorbidity, while exacerbation rates decreased over time across payers and subgroups, in part reflecting changes in cohort composition.

CONCLUSION: miR-451a is a pathogen-responsive, PD-associated miRNA that promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization, impairs bacterialphagocytosis, and amplifies inflammation through suppression of SOCS-mediated immune regulation. These findings identify the miR-451a-SOCS3/SOCS5 axis as a potential mechanism linking bacterial challenge to dysregulated macrophage responses in PD.

SUMMARYMeasles virus (MeV) is considered the most contagious human virus. This review critically examines explanations for MeV's extraordinary transmissibility. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding MeV infection, pathogenesis, and host spread, the fundamental question of why MeV is markedly more transmissible than other structurally similar respiratory viruses within the same taxonomic families remains unresolved. Many commonly cited explanations are either incorrect,...

CONCLUSIONS: Denecimig maintained low ABRs over 52 weeks, was well tolerated, and improved patient-reported outcomes in adolescents and adults with HA with or without inhibitors.

Posttranscriptional regulation is a key mechanism by which bacteria coordinate gene expression in response to changing environments. In the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, the importance of posttranscriptional gene expression control is exemplified by CsrA, a highly conserved posttranscriptional regulator that is essential for viability in multiple settings, ranging from growth in rich laboratory media to infection-relevant conditions like human serum. However, csrA is dispensable for...

Research into the replication of human coronaviruses has surged, but much remains unknown regarding the host factors that influence disease. These viruses often activate cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, benefiting from incompletely understood downstream effects. In this study, we investigated the role of the host ER stress response component, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α), in regulating lipid metabolism during human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection. We found...

Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly recognized to involve detrimental interactions between the immune and nervous systems, yet whether failure of peripheral immune tolerance actively drives neuronal loss frequently remains unclear. Here, using primary open-angle glaucoma as a model of chronic neurodegeneration, we demonstrate that dysregulated adaptive immunity is sufficient to promote retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from glaucoma patients, but not...

The Virtual Eye initiative described here seeks to build a versatile and integrative in silico platform, 'The Virtual Eye' that can capture and simulate the biology, physiology and function of the human eye, from molecular interactions to organ-level behaviour, in both healthy and diseased states. This effort has the potential to substantially deepen our understanding of the visual process, clarify the mechanistic basis of ocular diseases across multiple spatial and temporal scales, and support...

Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are key drivers of bacterial adaptation to environmental fluctuations, including iron and manganese restriction imposed by the host. This study explored the repertoire of sRNAs produced by the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in response to metal limitation. Two sRNAs were identified, S1077 and ZinS, that were regulated by zinc (Zn) availability. Further investigations revealed that, similar to the cnt operon from which it derives, S1077 synthesis is controlled...